Describe the construction of a disc plough. Explain how a disc plough operates during tillage. State two advantages of disc ploughs over mouldboard ploughs.

1. Describe the construction of a disc plough. (0 mk)
2. Explain how a disc plough operates during tillage. (0 mk)
3. State two advantages of disc ploughs over mouldboard ploughs. (0 mk)

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Explain the importance of land levelling in irrigated agriculture. Describe two methods used in farm land levelling. State two limitations of poor land levelling.

1. Explain the importance of land levelling in irrigated agriculture. (0 mk)
2. Describe two methods used in farm land levelling. (0 mk)
3. State two limitations of poor land levelling. (0 mk)

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Explain the working principle of a grain thresher. State four safety precautions to observe when operating a grain thresher. Explain two maintenance practices for a grain thresher.

1. Explain the working principle of a grain thresher. (0 mk)
2. State four safety precautions to observe when operating a grain thresher. (0 mk)
3. Explain two maintenance practices for a grain thresher. (0 mk)

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Define farm mechanization. Explain four benefits of farm mechanization. State two challenges of farm mechanization in developing countries.

1. Define farm mechanization. (0 mk)
2. Explain four benefits of farm mechanization. (0 mk)
3. State two challenges of farm mechanization in developing countries. (0 mk)

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A tractor travels 600 m in 12 minutes. (i) Calculate its speed in m per minute. (ii) Calculate its speed in km per hour. State two factors that affect tractor field efficiency.

1. A tractor travels 600 m in 12 minutes. Calculate its speed in m per minute. (0 mk)
2. Calculate its speed in km per hour. (0 mk)
3. State two factors that affect tractor field efficiency. (0 mk)

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Define soil structure.

1. Define soil structure. (2 mk)
2. Describe four types of soil structure found in cultivated soils. (4 mk)
3. State two effects of soil structure on root development. (2 mk)

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Explain the term soil moisture. Describe the following forms of soil moisture: (i) Gravitational water (ii) Capillary water (iii) Hygroscopic water

1. Explain the term soil moisture. (1 mk)
2. Describe gravitational water. (0 mk)
3. Describe the following forms of soil moisture: (5 mk)
4. Describe hygroscopic water. (0 mk)

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Define soil fertility. Explain four factors that influence soil fertility. State two indicators of fertile soil.

1. Define soil fertility. (1 mk)
2. Explain four factors that influence soil fertility. (4 mk)
3. State two indicators of fertile soil. (2 mk)

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Explain the meaning of fixed costs and variable costs. A dairy farmer incurs the following annual costs: Feeds Tshs 1,200,000 Veterinary services Tshs 300,000 Labour Tshs 900,000 Depreciation Tshs 500,000 Milk sales amount to Tshs 4,200,000. (i) Identify total variable costs. (ii) Identify total fixed costs. (iii) Calculate total cost. (iv) Calculate net farm income. State two uses of net farm income.

1. Explain the meaning of fixed costs and variable costs. (2 mk)
2. Identify total variable costs. (0 mk)
3. A dairy farmer incurs the following annual costs: Feeds Tshs 1,200,000 Veterinary services Tshs 300,000 Labour Tshs 900,000 Depreciation Tshs 500,000 Milk sales amount to Tshs 4,200,000. (6 mk)
4. Identify total fixed costs. (0 mk)
5. State two uses of net farm income. (2 mk)

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Explain the concept of agricultural credit. Describe four sources of agricultural credit. Explain four problems associated with agricultural credit. State two ways of improving access to agricultural credit for smallholder farmers.

1. Explain the concept of agricultural credit. (2 mk)
2. Describe four sources of agricultural credit. (4 mk)
3. Explain four problems associated with agricultural credit. (4 mk)
4. State two ways of improving access to agricultural credit for smallholder farmers. (2 mk)

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