Explain four types of crop damage caused by insect pests, giving one example for each.

1. Type of damage and example. (5 mk)
2. Type of damage and example. (5 mk)
3. Type of damage and example. (5 mk)
4. Type of damage and example. (5 mk)

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Differentiate between the following terms in plant breeding: (a) Genotype and Phenotype (b) Inbreeding and Outbreeding (c) Homozygous and Heterozygous (d) Selection and Hybridization

1. Differentiate between Genotype and Phenotype. (5 mk)
2. Differentiate between Inbreeding and Outbreeding. (5 mk)
3. Differentiate between Homozygous and Heterozygous. (5 mk)
4. Differentiate between Selection and Hybridization. (5 mk)

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Discuss five ways in which weeds are dispersed, giving a suitable example for each method.

1. Method of weed dispersal and example. (4 mk)
2. Method of weed dispersal and example. (4 mk)
3. Method of weed dispersal and example. (4 mk)
4. Method of weed dispersal and example. (4 mk)
5. Method of weed dispersal and example. (4 mk)

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Briefly explain the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and give five reasons for its importance in modern agriculture.

1. Explanation of the concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM). (5 mk)
2. Reason for the importance of IPM in modern agriculture. (3 mk)
3. Reason for the importance of IPM in modern agriculture. (3 mk)
4. Reason for the importance of IPM in modern agriculture. (3 mk)
5. Reason for the importance of IPM in modern agriculture. (3 mk)
6. Reason for the importance of IPM in modern agriculture. (3 mk)

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Describe the symptoms, causative agent, and control measures for three bacterial diseases of crops.

1. Symptoms, causative agent, and control measures for one bacterial disease. (20 mk)
2. Symptoms, causative agent, and control measures for a second bacterial disease. (0 mk)
3. Symptoms, causative agent, and control measures for a third bacterial disease. (0 mk)

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Explain what is meant by epiphytology in relation to livestock diseases and state four factors that influence its occurrence.

1. Explanation of epiphytology in relation to livestock diseases. (10 mk)
2. Four factors that influence the occurrence of epiphytology in livestock diseases. (3 mk)
3. Four factors that influence the occurrence of epiphytology in livestock diseases. (3 mk)
4. Four factors that influence the occurrence of epiphytology in livestock diseases. (3 mk)
5. Four factors that influence the occurrence of epiphytology in livestock diseases. (3 mk)

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Briefly explain the role of the following hormones in the estrous cycle of a cow: (a) Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (b) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) (c) Progesterone (d) Oestrogen

1. Role of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in the estrous cycle of a cow. (5 mk)
2. Role of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) in the estrous cycle of a cow. (5 mk)
3. Role of Progesterone in the estrous cycle of a cow. (5 mk)
4. Role of Oestrogen in the estrous cycle of a cow. (5 mk)

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Discuss the importance of a well-designed livestock housing and enumerate six key features of a good house for dairy cattle.

1. Importance of a well-designed livestock housing. (8 mk)
2. Six key features of a good house for dairy cattle. (2 mk)
3. Six key features of a good house for dairy cattle. (2 mk)
4. Six key features of a good house for dairy cattle. (2 mk)
5. Six key features of a good house for dairy cattle. (2 mk)
6. Six key features of a good house for dairy cattle. (2 mk)
7. Six key features of a good house for dairy cattle. (2 mk)

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Describe five signs that may indicate a cow is ready for calving.

1. Sign indicating a cow is ready for calving. (4 mk)
2. Sign indicating a cow is ready for calving. (4 mk)
3. Sign indicating a cow is ready for calving. (4 mk)
4. Sign indicating a cow is ready for calving. (4 mk)
5. Sign indicating a cow is ready for calving. (4 mk)

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Outline the process of semen collection using an artificial vagina and the process of freezing semen for long-term storage.

1. Process of semen collection using an artificial vagina. (10 mk)
2. Process of freezing semen for long-term storage. (10 mk)

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